|
Viridis was commissioned
by Staffordshire Environmental Fund (SEF) to undertake a waste audit of the
sub-region of Staffordshire and Stoke-on Trent, to determine approximate
quantities of waste arising and whether, through the introduction of new
businesses or technologies, significant volumes of these wastes could be
diverted from landfill. The work was undertaken in collaboration with TRL Ltd.
The report is presented
in two parts. Part I represents the original audit scope and findings for the
sub-region of Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent. Part II represents an extension
to study that extends the geographical coverage to include wastes that could be
processed within Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent but which arise in adjoining
areas.
The scope of work
described below constitutes the initial phase of a planned three-phase project,
the ultimate goal of which will be to develop economically viable waste
management business ventures in Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent.
PART I
This one-year project
involves the execution of an audit of controlled wastes in Staffordshire and
Stoke-on-Trent to determine approximate information about material sources,
quantities and current locations. This report is the outcome of the project and
aims to:
·
Review current information and identify
potentially recyclable controlled wastes in Staffordshire and Stoke on Trent
·
Provide information relating to industrial and
commercial controlled wastes including producing sectors and the possible
locations of waste clusters
·
Identify proven waste management and recycling
related schemes and industries in the UK and elsewhere
·
Identify potential business opportunities for
new reprocessing activities that would lead to an increase in reprocessing in
the sub-region, and make recommendations
In agreement with the
Advisory Group, set up by Viridis to provide guidance on project objectives, the
project did not undertake an in-depth analysis of Special Waste and
non-controlled waste such as agricultural, mining and quarrying waste. The study
focused mainly on Industrial and Commercial waste (I&C), Municipal Solid Waste (MSW),
and Construction & Demolition (C&D) waste generation. This was because there
were limited data available on uncontrolled waste and there were thought to be
more reprocessing business opportunities available for the controlled wastes
identified.
A number of different
sources and methods of data collection and analysis were required to undertake a
comprehensive audit of the sub-region. The Environment Agency, Office of
National Statistics, Associates in Industrial Ecology, Financial Analysis Made
Easy, County and City Councils, Building Research Establishment, Linden
Consulting, reprocessors, trade associations and industry all contributed data.
Total controlled waste
arising within the sub-region is classified according to four categories, MSW,
I&C, C&D and Special Waste (although this was not broken down into
sub-categories). Different sources of data were identified for the
compositional breakdown of these categories. These are shown in the table
overleaf.
Complete data were not
available on controlled waste arisings and reprocessing for the sub-region. A
number of broad assumptions and factorings were made to generate the data. This
provided the best estimate from the available sources of information.
Data Sources
|
MSW |
Analysis of County
and City Council waste and compositional data from research undertaken by
Associates in Industrial Ecology (AiIE). This methodology used actual
sub-region totals and applied a compositional percentage breakdown of MSW
identified by AiIE. |
|
I&C |
Analysis of
Strategic Waste Management Assessment 2000: West Midlands (SWMA), the
National Waste Production Survey (NWPS), Environment Agency Waste
Benchmarking Website, Office of National Statistics (ONS) data and Financial
Analysis Made Easy (FAME) data.
The industrial and
commercial sources of the waste streams and the locations of the enterprises
generating them were identified using the following methodology:
·
The Environment Agency’s SWMA report
classified the Industrial and Commercial Sector into 32 Standard Industrial
Code 92 (SIC) sectors.
·
SWMA data provided total waste produced for
each of these 32 SIC sectors.
·
Data on the Environment Agency’s Waste
Benchmarking Website was manipulated to provide a breakdown of each of the
SIC sectors’ waste totals into the contributory waste stream totals by UK
Waste Classification System. (UK waste classification was used because it
was the classification system employed by the Environment Agency to gather
the data set in 1998).
·
The FAME database was used to provide the
location distribution data for the SIC groupings by postcode outs (first set
of letters and figures e.g. BB2).
·
MAPINFO was then used to plot their
location within the sub-region by postcode outs.
This methodology
used actual sub-region totals and applied compositional percentage
breakdowns calculated from Environment Agency national I&C waste
benchmarking data.
The waste analysis
methodology, allowed the identification of the recyclable waste streams for
Industrial and Commercial wastes and the relevant SIC groupings producing
them. |
|
C&D |
Analysis of Office
of the Deputy Prime Minister (ODPM) C&D waste survey data, using ONS
population data to ratio regional figures to sub-region. C&D percentage
composition, calculated from BRE information, was then applied to the
sub-region waste total. This methodology used actual West Midlands’ region
totals that were factored down to the sub-region. |
|
Special Waste |
The Environment
Agency provided sub-region data on the main waste streams by European Waste
Code Descriptions. This data was not broken down further. |
These techniques
produced the following composition of waste shown below. Data were not available
on waste totals and composition, number of people and businesses and location
for any one year. Therefore, available data were used from 1998-2002 to compile
a picture of controlled waste in the sub-region. Wherever possible the most
recent data available have been used to complete this audit.
Estimated
total waste generated for Staffordshire including Stoke-on-Trent
|
Waste Type |
Tonnes |
(year) |
|
Municipal Solid
Waste |
619,507 |
(2002/03) |
|
Industrial and
Commercial Waste |
1,630,000 |
(1998/2002) |
|
Construction and
Demolition |
1,707,552 |
(2001) |
|
Agricultural Waste |
1,923,165 |
(1998) |
|
Special Waste |
93,444 |
(2001) |
|
Total Waste |
5,973,668 |
|
The different waste
analysis methods made it possible to provide the estimated composition of each
of the waste types listed and these are shown in the following tables.
Composition of
MSW in the sub-region (2002/03)
|
MSW
component |
% |
Tonnes |
|
Garden
waste |
20.46 |
126,751 |
|
Paper
and board |
15.76 |
97,634 |
|
Kitchen
waste |
9.39 |
58,172 |
|
Non-compostable
kitchen waste |
7.78 |
48,198 |
|
Glass |
6.84 |
42,374 |
|
Miscellaneous non-combustibles |
5.05 |
31,285 |
|
Scrap
metal/white goods |
4.50 |
27,878 |
|
Wood |
4.15 |
25,710 |
|
Dense
plastic |
3.95 |
24,471 |
|
Soil &
other organics |
3.48 |
21,559 |
|
Plastic
film |
3.13 |
19,391 |
|
Fines |
3.05 |
18,895 |
|
Textiles |
2.92 |
18,090 |
|
Miscellaneous combustibles |
2.84 |
17,594 |
|
Non-recyclable paper |
2.72 |
16,851 |
|
Metal
cans + foil |
2.60 |
16,107 |
|
Furniture |
1.27 |
7,868 |
|
Batteries |
0.05 |
310 |
|
Engine
oil |
0.03 |
186 |
|
Other
non-ferrous |
0.02 |
124 |
|
Total |
100.00 |
619,507 |
The MSW estimates were
derived using County and City Council total waste arisings and applying AiIE
compositional data.
Estimates for I&C waste
were made using SWMA waste totals for SIC sectors and applying Environment
Agency compositional data from the Environment Agency waste benchmarking
website. Composition data is not provided for the total I&C waste generation
(1,630,000 tonnes). Each SIC sector generating less than 1% of the total was not
broken down further due to time constraints on the project. Therefore
compositional breakdown was only provided for 1,518,433 tonnes generated by the
21 largest waste producing SIC sectors.
Composition of I&C
waste in the sub-region (1998/2002)
|
Waste
Type |
Tonnes
|
Waste
Type |
Tonnes
|
|
Paper
and/or card |
250,800 |
Alloys |
2,905 |
|
Ceramics |
97,794 |
Blast
furnace slag |
2,892 |
|
Commercial waste - no composition |
87,027 |
Excreta |
2,886 |
|
Used
moulds and/or moulds containing organic binders |
83,881 |
Cable
and/or wire |
2,423 |
|
Plasterboard |
77,985 |
Electronic equipment |
2,253 |
|
Plastics and polymers |
70,711 |
Water
with mixed contaminants |
2,176 |
|
Not
cleanable contaminated containers, and other packaging |
66,601 |
Other
inorganic compounds |
2,057 |
|
Mixed
construction and demolition waste |
60,506 |
Clay
absorbents |
2,004 |
|
Steel |
56,828 |
Household, and/or similar commercial and/or industrial waste |
1,996 |
|
Mixed
ferrous and non-ferrous metal |
52,705 |
Treated
sewage sludge |
1,985 |
|
Iron |
47,644 |
Light
bulbs |
1,742 |
|
Waste
food - animal or mixed |
45,929 |
Bottom
ash from coal and/or wood combustion |
1,424 |
|
Sawdust, shavings and/or wood pulp |
39,870 |
Organic
household products not elsewhere specified |
1,183 |
|
Wood |
28,208 |
Street
sweepings and litter |
1,153 |
|
Vegetable food |
27,297 |
Used
linings and/or refractories |
1,098 |
|
Drilling muds |
26,499 |
Plaster
|
1,093 |
|
Residues of fermentation and other similar microbiological production
processes |
25,162 |
Dressings |
1,047 |
|
Coated
or chemically treated timber |
24,057 |
Concrete and/or mortar |
1,039 |
|
Household waste |
19,887 |
Copper |
843 |
|
Oil
sludges and/or oil water mixtures |
19,872 |
Mixed/unidentified oil |
810 |
|
Cleanable contaminated containers, and other packaging |
19,526 |
Aliphatic hydrocarbon |
810 |
|
Whole
and/or part animals |
18,725 |
Civic
amenity waste |
714 |
|
Mixtures of vegetation, soil and/or stones |
18,505 |
Grinding residues |
666 |
|
Composites |
17,500 |
Fly ash
and fly ash sludges from coal or wood combustion |
634 |
|
Tyres |
16,242 |
Calcium
sulphate |
589 |
|
Animal
fats, oils, waxes and/or grease |
15,925 |
Wastes
from biological treatment of effluents |
506 |
|
Aluminium |
13,504 |
Contaminated vegetable and/or animal matter |
463 |
|
Glass |
13,409 |
Machining/cutting/cooling oils |
452 |
|
Mixed
ferrous metal |
13,345 |
Lubricating and/or fuel oil |
434 |
|
Untreated sewage sludge |
11,437 |
Non-specific plastic waste |
387 |
|
Other
composite, mainly metallic equipment |
10,765 |
Rock
and stone |
386 |
|
General
industrial waste n/o/s |
10,026 |
Sharps |
384 |
|
Industrial waste - no composition |
9,403 |
Abrasives |
344 |
|
Vegetable oils, fats, waxes and/or grease |
8,331 |
Undrained lead-acid batteries |
333 |
|
Contaminated granular/friable subsoils |
7,073 |
Synthetic textiles |
322 |
|
Sanitary wastes |
5,517 |
Zinc |
321 |
|
Vegetation and/or vegetable waste |
5,512 |
Contaminated construction and/or demolition waste |
316 |
|
Rubber |
5,477 |
Mixed
chemical smalls |
263 |
|
Contaminated category 22.04.00 – 22.09.00 wastes |
4,876 |
Other
organic chemical wastes |
246 |
|
Vehicles and/or metal vehicle parts |
4,863 |
Detergents and/or surfactants |
227 |
|
Healthcare risk waste |
4,807 |
Uncontaminated topsoil |
205 |
|
Asphalt, bitumen and/or coated roadstone |
3,960 |
Aqueous
paint |
196 |
|
Flue
dust |
3,871 |
Aluminium dross |
186 |
|
Sub-soils |
3,674 |
Solvent- or oil- based paint |
157 |
|
Mixed/unknown non-ferrous metal |
3,572 |
White
goods |
149 |
|
Infectious waste |
3,507 |
Animal
fibres |
148 |
|
Sewage |
3,222 |
Laminates |
131 |
|
Vegetable fibres |
3,219 |
Man-made mineral fibres (MMMFs) |
108 |
|
Autoclaved waste |
3,057 |
Other
waste streams (under 100 tonnes each) |
1,250 |
|
|
|
Total
composition |
1,518,443 |
|
|
Total
including 11 sectors producing under 19,000 tonnes per annum |
1,630,000 |
| |
|
|
|
|
Construction and
Demolition waste composition (2001)
|
Waste Type |
% |
Tonnes |
|
Excavation waste |
42.8 |
730,832 |
|
Demolition waste |
42.8 |
730,832 |
|
Construction waste |
14.4 |
245,887 |
|
C&D
total waste |
100 |
1,707,552 |
Estimates for C&D waste
were made using Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (ODPM) data and ONS
population data to ratio regional figures to sub-region. C&D waste percentage
composition, calculated from BRE information, was then applied to the sub-region
waste total to provide the two tables below. No further breakdown of excavation
waste was available. Excavation waste mainly consists of soil, clay and mixed
C&D waste which is often used on site for landscaping, landfill
engineering/restoration or as backfill of quarry voids.
Demolition waste
composition (2001)
|
Demolition waste composition |
% |
Tonnes |
|
Concrete |
40 |
292,333 |
|
Masonry |
24 |
175,400 |
|
Paper,
cardboard, plastic and other |
17 |
124,241 |
|
Asphalt |
15 |
109,625 |
|
Wood
based |
3 |
21,925 |
|
Other |
1 |
7,308 |
|
Total |
100 |
730,832 |
Construction waste
composition (2001)
|
Construction waste composition |
% |
Tonnes |
|
Timber |
19 |
46,719 |
|
Concrete |
6 |
14,753 |
|
Inert |
11 |
27,048 |
|
Ceramic |
3 |
7,377 |
|
Insulation |
3 |
7,377 |
|
Plastic |
13 |
31,965 |
|
Packaging |
25 |
61,472 |
|
Metal |
3 |
7,377 |
|
Plaster
& cement |
3 |
7,377 |
|
Miscellaneous |
14 |
34,424 |
|
Total |
100 |
245,887 |
Agricultural waste
composition (1998)
|
Waste
Type |
Tonnes |
% |
|
Compostable and Digestible |
| |